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The Commission for Polish Relief (CPR), also known unofficially as ''Comporel'' or ''Hoover Commission'', was initiated in late 1939 by former US President Herbert Hoover, following the German and Soviet occupation of Poland. The Commission provided relief to Nazi occupied territories of Poland until December 1941. ==Background== Following the conquest of Poland by Nazi Germany and the USSR, the country's most fertile agricultural land was annexed to Germany in October 1939. The remaining area of German-occupied Poland (the General Government) did not produce enough food to feed its population.〔Tooze (2006), p. 544〕 National Socialist People's Welfare, Nazi Germany relief service, was not providing adequate service and very soon started to exclude Jews from its aid programmes.〔 Herbert Hoover testified before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs that around 400 to 500 million US dollars would be needed to feed approximately 7 million of destitute people in Poland, and argued that at least a quarter of that should be provided by the USA.〔 Both Polish and Jewish population in areas of Nazi Germany occupied was considered by German authorities to be "sub-human" (Untermensch) and as such targeted for extermination and slavery. Under Nazi plans, deliberate starvation of what were considered "sub-humans" was considered. From the beginning of Nazi occupation of Poland food was forcefully confiscated from Polish population by Nazi authorities to be used for benefit of Nazi Germany〔Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej Czesław Łuczak 1993 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, page 201〕 By mid 1941, the German minority in Poland received 2613 calories per day while Poles received 699 and Jews in the ghetto 184. The Jewish ration fulfilled 7.5 percent of their daily needs; Polish rations only 26 percent. Only the ration allocated to Germans fulfilled the full needs of their daily calorie intake.〔 page 2〕 The Nazis-based food rations on racist basis with Germans considered "ubermenschen" receiving biggest food rations in Nazi occupied territories of Poland, with little spared for Polish and Jewish population: Prior to the war the General Government was not self-sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of Poland.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Pages 92-93(Gross cites Polish sources that show pre-war the average per capita grain consumption in Poland of 246.4 kg. per capita, the Governmant General region produced only 202.7 kg. per capita)〕 Despite this food deficit the German occupiers confiscated 27% of the agricultural output in the General Government, thus reducing the food available for the civilian population.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Page 99〕 This Nazi policy caused a humanitarian crisis in Poland's urban areas. In 1940 20 to 25% of the population the Government General depended on outside relief aid.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Page 100〕 This crisis was made worse by the German expulsion of 923,000 Polish citizens from Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany into the General Government.〔Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust ,McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007 ISBN 0-7864-2913-5 Page 299〕 The Germans "showed no concern for the destination of the dislocated families" who depended on the local Polish welfare services.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Page 72〕Richard C. Lukas points out "To be sure, the Poles would have starved to death if they had to depend on the food rationed to them〔Richard C. Lukas, ''Forgotten Holocaust: Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-44'' Hippocrene Books, 2001 ISBN 0-7818-0901-0 Page 31〕 To supplement the meager rations allocated by the Germans ( see table above) Poles depended on the black market in order to survive. During the war 80% of the population's needs were met by the black market〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Page 109〕 Poles involved in the black market "risked arrest, deportation to a concentration camp, and even death" The German occupiers maintained a large police force to eliminate the black market.〔 During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general malnutrition among the Polish population. In 1940 the tuberculosis rate among Poles, not including Jews,was 420 per 100,000 compared to 136 per 100,000 prior to the war.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Page 102〕 Also Poles were pressured to sign up for work in Germany hoping to improve their living standards, but most were disappointed when they found low wages and humiliating treatment in Germany.〔Jan Tomasz Gross, ''Polish Society Under German Occupation'' Princeton University Press, (1979) ISBN 0-691-09381-4 Pages 78-79〕 The brutal occupation policy of Germany resulted in a huge death toll. Prior to the establishment of the death camps in mid 1942 one-fifth (500-600,000) of Polish Jews perished in ghettos and labor camps.〔Raul Hilberg, ''The Destruction of the European Jews'' Franklin Watts, Incorporated 1973 ISBN 0-531-06452-2 Page 173〕 Apart from 2.3 million non-Jewish Poles killed directly during the course of the war an additional 473,000 perished due to the harsh conditions of the occupation,〔Tomasz Szarota and Wojciech Materski. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.''Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 Page 30("Zmarli poza więzieniami i obozami" 1940/41-42,000; 1941/2-71,000; 1942-43-142,000; 1943/44-218,000)〕 Additionally the Generalplan Ost plan of Nazis which envisioned elimination of Slavic population in occupied territories, and artificial famines - as proposed in Hunger Plan - were to be used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Commission for Polish Relief」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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